SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Demonstrate understanding of the outcomes-based education and training approach within the context of a National Qualifications Framework 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
114924  Demonstrate understanding of the outcomes-based education and training approach within the context of a National Qualifications Framework 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Occupationally-directed ETD Practitioners 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
ETDP SETA - Education, Training and Development Practices Sector Education and Training Authority 
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 05 - Education, Training and Development Adult Learning 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 
2007-06-26  2009-05-13  SAQA 0160/05 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2010-05-13   2013-05-13  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard is replaced by: 
US ID Unit Standard Title Pre-2009 NQF Level NQF Level Credits Replacement Status
263976  Demonstrate understanding of the outcomes-based education and training approach within the context of a National Qualifications Framework  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5   

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
This unit standard is for those involved in education, training and development. This standard is not intended to recognize the ability to explain OBET and the NQF to learners. Rather, this unit standard is intended to recognise practitioners for their own understanding of OBET and the NQF.

People credited with this unit standard are able to:
  • Explain the outcomes-based approach to education and training;
  • Describe the National Qualifications Framework;
  • Describe and explain standards;
  • Describe and explain national qualifications; and
  • Develop a broad plan for implementing the NQF within an organisation. 

  • LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
    The credits have been calculated on the assumption that the average learner will be at level 5 or above in their own field of expertise. 

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
  • "Learning organisations" refer to any public or private institution, company or body that provides education, training and development services to internal or external learners.
  • "Standards" include those found in national curriculum statements, unit standards, exit level outcomes and qualifications. 

  • Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Explain the outcomes-based approach to education and training (OBET). 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Explanations reveal insight into the concept of an outcome as a means of defining learner achievements and/or desired results of learning within the context of a transformative approach to education, training and development. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Explanations reveal differences between the outcomes-based approach and other education and training approaches in terms of key factors. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Factors include at least:
  • Purposes of the approaches,
  • General principles underpinning the approaches,
  • Processes for defining outcomes,
  • Essential approaches to learning design and delivery, and
  • Different approaches to and methods of assessment.
     

  • ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Assessment is explained in terms of its centrality to the outcomes-based approach, the importance of applying principles of assessment and the impact of assessment on learning. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    The impact of OBET is described in terms of potential benefits to learners, employers, industry and society at large. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    Challenges associated with the implementation of OBET are described in terms of cost, manageability and the potential impact on learning organisations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 
    Key terminology associated with OBET is used appropriately to the context. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Describe the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    Descriptions to include the history, rationale, objectives, principles, aims, mechanisms and structures of the NQF. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Descriptions of the history, rationale, objectives, principles and aims of the NQF are consistent with the body of literature on the subject, and reveal a grasp of the development of the NQF. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    The "body of literature" includes but is not limited to SAQA documentation.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Descriptions of the mechanisms of the NQF are consistent with SAQA definitions and reveal an understanding of the purposes of the various mechanisms. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    "Mechanisms" refer to standards setting, qualification design, assessment, moderation, credit accumulation, accreditation of providers, registration of assessors, and recognition of achievements through the award of credits and/or qualifications.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    NQF-related structures are described in terms of their composition, function and relationships in line with current published definitions. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    SAQA, National Standards Bodies (NSB's), Standards Generating Bodies (SGB's), Education and Training Quality Assurance Bodies (ETQA's), Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETA's).
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Processes and requirements for participation in the structures are described in line with current published definitions. Descriptions reveal the impact of participation and/or non-participation on learners, learning organisations, and companies. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    The notion of levels and bands of the NQF are described in line with SAQA definitions. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 
    Key terminology associated with the NQF is used appropriately to the context. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Describe and explain standards. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    "Standards" refers to unit standards, assessment standards, or any other description of a significant and coherent result of learning that includes an outcome with criteria for assessment purposes. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Definitions of standards are consistent with SAQA definitions. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Key parts of standards are explained in terms of their purpose, key features, form of language and relationships with the other parts of standards. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Issues concerning the size and scope of standards are identified and focus questions are provided to enable decision-making regarding the size and scope of a standard. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Standards are described according to their various uses and relationship to qualifications. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Uses in relation to ETD and other Human Resource-related uses.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    Rules, processes and principles concerning the design and registration of standards are provided in line with SAQA regulations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 
    Key terminology associated with standards is used appropriately to the context. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 4 
    Describe and explain qualifications. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    "Qualifications" refers to the SAQA definition of the term. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Definitions of qualifications are consistent with SAQA definitions. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Key parts of qualifications are explained in terms of their purpose, key features, form of language and relationships with the other parts of qualifications. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Issues concerning the size and scope of qualifications are identified and focus questions are provided to enable decision-making regarding the size and scope of a qualification. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Qualifications are described according to their various uses and relationship to standards. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Uses in relation to ETD and other Human Resource-related uses.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    Rules, processes and principles concerning the design and registration of qualifications are provided in line with SAQA regulations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 
    Key terminology associated with qualifications is used appropriately to the context. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 5 
    Develop a broad plan for implementing the NQF within an organisation. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    "Broad" refers to the essential elements of implementing the NQF as opposed to a detailed implementation plan. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The plan identifies the key elements that need to be put in place to ensure implementation of the NQF. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    The plan provides motivation for implementation of the NQF in terms of benefits to learners, employers, employees and organisations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    The plan provides a credible framework for further analysis and the development of detailed action plans, policies and procedures. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    The plan reveals insight into the rationale, objectives, principles, aims, mechanisms and structures of the NQF. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    The plan takes account of the vision, mission, values and strategic objectives of the organisation. 


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
  • Assessors for this unit standard must be registered with the relevant ETQA.
  • Providers offering learning towards this unit standard must be accredited by the relevant ETQA.
  • Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA according to moderation guidelines and agreed ETQA procedures. 

  • UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
    The entire unit standard addresses issues of knowledge relative to the outcomes-based approach and the National Qualifications Framework - thus all the outcomes and criteria define the knowledge explicitly. 

    UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
    N/A 


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
    Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical and/or language skills. Communication through oral and written means is central to this unit standard. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
    Understand the world as a set of inter-related parts of a system. Application of this outcome will be revealed through the quality of the descriptions and explanations of the NQF, which is an inter-related system. 

    UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    This unit standard has been replaced by unit standard 263976, which is "Demonstrate understanding of the outcomes-based education and training approach within the context of a National Qualifications Framework", Level 5, 5 Credits.

    Supplementary Information:

    Terms have been clarified as far as possible through the use of range statements.

    Acronyms and abbreviations used:
  • ETD: Education, Training and Development
  • ETQA: Education and Training Quality Assurance Body
  • NQF: National Qualifications Framework
  • NSB: National Standards Body
  • OBET: Outcomes-based Education and Training
  • SAQA: South African Qualifications Authority
  • SDA: Skills Development Act
  • SETA: Sector Education and Training Authority
  • SGB: Standards Generating Body 

  • QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  50334   National Certificate: Occupationally Directed Education Training and Development Practices  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Core  50333   National Diploma: Occupationally Directed Education, Training and Development Practices  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Core  50330   Bachelor: Occupationally Directed Education Training and Development Practices  Level 6  NQF Level 07  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Core  50331   National Certificate: Occupationally Directed Education, Training and Development Practices  Level 6  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L6  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Fundamental  59429   National Certificate: Inclusive Education  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Elective  50332   Further Education and Training Certificate: Occupationally-Directed Education Training and Development Practices  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Elective  20159   National Diploma: ABET Practice  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2020-07-30  ETDP SETA 
    Elective  61592   National Diploma: Human Resources Management and Practices  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. A5 Competence Evolution 
    2. Abinet Training and Development 
    3. ACADEMY OF PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD 
    4. Academy of Personal Mastery 
    5. Academy Training Group 
    6. Accreditation & Training Services 
    7. Acorser Corporate & Business Consulting t/a Acorser Academy 
    8. Advantage Training Services cc 
    9. AFRICA COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT (PTY) LTD 
    10. African Learing and Development Academy for Adults ALDAA 
    11. African Learning & Development Academy (Pty) Ltd (ALDA) 
    12. Afrika Tikkun NCC 
    13. Aldabri 106 Institute for Quality (Pty) Ltd 
    14. Amaqamu Project Management and Consulting 
    15. Amyoli Consulting 
    16. AQUARIUS SKILLS SOLUTION 
    17. ASORIP NPC 
    18. ASSESSMENT COLLEGE OF SOUTH AFRICA PTY LTD 
    19. ATE Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    20. Atlega For Woman Projects Enterprise 
    21. Aubrey Nyiko Business Enterprise cc 
    22. Audit Campus 
    23. Ayoba Training Institute (Pty)Ltd 
    24. Azanian Community Development Pty Ltd 
    25. B T Group of Companies Pty Ltd 
    26. Basadi Africa Management 
    27. Bohlali Provider Support 
    28. Bonang Training & Development 
    29. BORDERGATE EVENTS MANAGEMENT AND PROJECTS 
    30. Boston City Campus (Pty) Ltd formerly Boston City Campus and Business College (Pty) Ltd 
    31. Brain Boosters Business Education (PTY) LTD 
    32. Brainwave Projects 1997 CC 
    33. Breakeven 59(PTY) Ltd 
    34. Bull's Business and Skills Training Institute 
    35. Business Development Unit (PTY)Ltd 
    36. Business Intelligence Trading 48 (PTY) LTD 
    37. Cale Developments 
    38. Chartall Business College 
    39. Colleen Osorio Skills Development Consultancy cc 
    40. College of Cape Town - Athlone Campus 
    41. Compass Academy of Learning 
    42. CORE TRAINING INTERNATIONAL 
    43. Corporate Safety Training Academy PTY Ltd 
    44. CTU Training Solutions 
    45. CURMO Designs (Pty) Ltd Co 
    46. Curoplex PTY LTD 
    47. D M Management and Consulting 
    48. Dabulamanzi & Njabulo Ndaba Consulting cc 
    49. Dee s Training PTY LTD 
    50. Divine Inspiration Trading 704 PTY Ltd 
    51. Dotcentre Business Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    52. Dru A Professional Further Education and Training College DAPFETC PT 
    53. Dynamic Safety Solutions 
    54. Eagles Wings Skills Development Consultants 
    55. Education and Training Unit 
    56. EDUTEL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD 
    57. Emergence Learning Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    58. Empirical Training Agency (PTY) Ltd 
    59. Employmax 
    60. Enjo Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    61. Environment and Language Education Trust 
    62. Equipt Training and Development cc 
    63. EXECUTIVE COACHING AND FACILITATION 
    64. Faranang Business and Training Solutions PTY(LTD) 
    65. Fourways Private College 
    66. Future Discovery Training Academy CC 
    67. Future Performance Training and Development 
    68. Gare Kgare Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    69. Gateway City College 
    70. Giver of Givers Foundation Organisation 
    71. Goldfields TVET College 
    72. Gotsec Skills Training 
    73. Guru Group of Learning (Pty) Ltd 
    74. HEART Solutions 
    75. HLOSI SECURITY SOLUTIONS 
    76. HOPE ACADEMIC AND SKILL CENTRE 
    77. HRD Performance Consultants 
    78. HRD Training & Consulting 
    79. ICM t/a Institute for Career Management 
    80. Igugu Training and Investments 
    81. Ikamva Projects Pty Ltd 
    82. Infomage Pty Ltd 
    83. Inkwazi Learning Network 
    84. INKWENKWEZI PRIVATE COLLEGE - SKILLS DEVELOPMENT cc 
    85. Isamon Vocational College of Excellence Pty Ltd 
    86. Isibani Skills Academy 
    87. Isibani Soluntu Development Trust 
    88. IYAM Investments (Pty) Ltd 
    89. J and N Ikwekwezi Yokusa Development Training 
    90. Karabo Info Centre and Trading 
    91. Katiso-kuno Consulting 
    92. Katlego Compliance Training 
    93. KDS Centre for Skills Development and Training Pty Ltd 
    94. Keetileafrika Training Institute 
    95. Kgaka Kgolo Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    96. Kgang-Kgolo Consulting 
    97. Khaas Training Academy 
    98. Khoali Group of Companies (Pty) Ltd 
    99. KITSO TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 
    100. Klein Karoo Resource Centre 
    101. Learnership Support Systems (Pty) Ltd 
    102. Learning Performance Link 
    103. Lebzatainment Foundation NPC 
    104. Lehlabile Emergency Institute 
    105. LEMBETSI BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
    106. Leronsa Trading Enterprise 
    107. Lionsden Africa Business Solutions Pty Ltd 
    108. Loago Business Consulting 
    109. M3i Skills Development 
    110. Mabidi Funzani Trading And Projects Pty Ltd 
    111. MACCAUVLEI LEARNING ACADEMY (PTY) LTD 
    112. Malandela Training and Development (Pty) Ltd 
    113. Marematlou Training Institute 
    114. MASHUSHE ETDP TRADING AND PROJECTS 
    115. Matimba Management and Labour cc 
    116. Mawethu Training 
    117. Mentor Me Corporate Foundation 
    118. MENTORNET (PTY) LTD 
    119. Metro Minds 
    120. MI Learning & Development Consultancy 
    121. MIET Africa 
    122. Mlamuli M Connect (Pty) Ltd 
    123. Mnambithi FET College - Central Office 
    124. MOKO SECURITY SERVICES 
    125. Montague Education and Training (PTY)Ltd 
    126. Motheo Training Institute Trust 
    127. Mthimkhulu Training and Development Institute (PTY) LTD 
    128. Mtk Corporation Solutions 
    129. MWG Logistical Services 
    130. Ndwamato Training Solutions PTY LTD 
    131. Ndzalama Training 
    132. Neolebongi Trading Enterprise 
    133. Nero Training Consultants cc 
    134. Netgrow Training Solutions 
    135. Networx for Career Development 
    136. Next Step Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    137. Nomagwanishe Investments cc 
    138. Nsovo Learning Academy 
    139. Ntevho-Ketso Training and Recruitement Consultancy cc 
    140. NTI College 
    141. Ntsangalala Business Enterprise 
    142. OMNI HR CONSULTING PTY LTD 
    143. Opehst Trading 
    144. OPELONG BUSINESS INSTITUTE (PT 
    145. Pachi Global Foundation 
    146. Paradise Skills Development 
    147. PC Educational Holdings Pty Ltd 
    148. Petra institute of Development (PTY) Ltd 
    149. PHALANE SAFETY CONSULTANT AND TRAINING PROVIDERS PTY LTD 
    150. Pitt Institute T/A Imithombo Institute 
    151. PMADS Holdings (PTY) Ltd 
    152. PND Academy of Learning cc 
    153. Polly Maths Sci (Pty) Ltd 
    154. PRO-ACTIVE PUBLIC SERVICES COLLEGE/PTY/LTD 
    155. Professional Development and Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    156. Project Literacy 
    157. QED Quality Executive Development 
    158. QED-Quality Executive Development 
    159. QPD CONSULTANTS 
    160. Reflections Development Institute 
    161. Regenesys Management (Pty) Ltd 
    162. Resonance Institute of Learning 
    163. Retshetse Training Project 
    164. S A Skills Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    165. Saint Colonel Graduate Institute (PTY) Ltd 
    166. Sanchaa Connection 
    167. SANDA SKILLS DEVELOPMENT 
    168. SANDF COLLEGE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY 
    169. Sebenzisanane Human Capital 
    170. SEOPOSENGOE TRAINING CONSULTANCY CC 
    171. SHANWES TRAILER MANUFACTURING AND BUILDERS T/A SHANWES LEARNING AND DE 
    172. Sigodi Development Services and Associates (SDS) cc 
    173. Sisazi Consulting 
    174. Siyazama Professional Management Services t/a Siyazama 
    175. SKILLS DYNAMICS AFRICA PTY LTD 
    176. South West Gauteng Tvet College 
    177. Southern African Institute of Learning (SAIL) 
    178. SPS Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    179. T Mabuya & Associates (Pty) Ltd 
    180. TDM Management Consulting Pty Ltd 
    181. TEAM CONSULTANTS CC 
    182. Tembe Service Providers 
    183. The Brokers Learning Centre 
    184. The East London Institute for Leadership Advancement & Development 
    185. The Finishing College (Pty) Lt 
    186. The Institute of People Development 
    187. The Iscariota Group (Pty) Ltd 
    188. THE SKILLS COLLEGE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING(PTY) LTD 
    189. THE SKILLS FACTOR 
    190. The Skills Launchpad 
    191. Thembekile training consulting 
    192. Thobologo Training and Education Group (Pty) Ltd 
    193. Thuto Adult Centre 
    194. Thuto-Botshabelo Training and Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    195. TLHARIHANI TRAINING CENTRE (PTY) LTD 
    196. TMG Quality Services 
    197. Totally Tailored Solutions Pty Ltd 
    198. Train 2 Teach (PTY) Ltd 
    199. Trainers Without Borders 
    200. Training Answers 
    201. Training Consultant and SD College 
    202. Trainyoucan (Pty) Ltd 
    203. Tshepo Hope Consulting 
    204. Tshireletso Multi-skills and Training 
    205. TSHIROLOGO DISABILITY TRAINING SERVICES PTY TLD 
    206. Ulwazi Training & Development 
    207. UMO LEARNING SUPPORT SYSTEM 
    208. Umzansi Educational Programs Centre 
    209. Ungaphelamandla Consultancy Private College (PTY) LTD 
    210. University of Johannesburg 
    211. VERYCOOLIDEAS 
    212. Vicresco (Pty) Ltd 
    213. Vutivi Training and Skills Development 
    214. VUTLHARI BYA DZONGA CONSULTANTS (PTY) LTD 
    215. VUWA PROJECTS 
    216. Workers Knowledge Centre Pty Ltd 
    217. XO EDUCATION (Pty) Ltd 
    218. Yellow Media Learning Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    219. Zisukumele Training Academy (Pty) Ltd 



    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.