SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Provide primary emergency care for bleeding and wounds 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
116496  Provide primary emergency care for bleeding and wounds 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Occupational Health and Safety 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 09 - Health Sciences and Social Services Preventive Health 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular-Fundamental  Level 3  NQF Level 03  1 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 		 2007-08-07  2010-08-07  SAQA 0160/05 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2011-08-07   2014-08-07  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard is replaced by: 
US ID Unit Standard Title Pre-2009 NQF Level NQF Level Credits Replacement Status
254220  Provide primary emergency care/first aid as an advanced first responder  Level 3  NQF Level 03  8   

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
This unit standard is for persons who are responsible for the provision of primary emergency care for bleeding (haemorrhage) and wounds. Persons credited with this unit standard are able to:
  • Identify the different types of wounds.
  • Demonstrate the basic knowledge pertaining to the signs and symptoms of shock related to bleeding.
  • Provide emergency intervention for the control of bleeding and wounds. 
    		•

    LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
    The credit calculations are based on the assumption that the learners are already able to read, write at NQF level 1 or equivalent. 

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
    N/A 

    Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Identify the different types of wounds. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Basic knowledge of the skin and circulatory system is explained, in terms of the anatomical and physiological composition of the body. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Circulatory system must include: blood vessels, layers of the skin.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    The different types of wounds are explained in accordance with accepted medical practice. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Types of wounds must include:
  • Lacerations
  • Incisions
  • Peppered/open wounds
  • Punctured wounds
  • Burns
     
    		•

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    The use of primary emergency care equipment is demonstrated in accordance with accepted primary emergency care practice. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Emergency equipment should include First aid dressings assorted sizes, tourniquet's, bandages, specialised cover dressings for burns, transportation.
     

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Demonstrate basic knowledge pertaining to the signs and symptoms of shock related to bleeding. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The signs and symptoms of shock related to bleeding are described in terms of medical practice. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Shock must include neurogenic and surgical.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    The technique in controlling bleeding, related to wounds is explained in accordance with accepted first aid and medical practice and type of wound. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Technique must include direct pressure (pressure bandages), indirect pressure, tourniquet.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    The potential of identifying signs and symptoms and related complications pertaining to. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Concealed, unconcealed bleeding and shock are explained in terms of accepted medical practice. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Provide emergency treatment for the control of bleeding and wounds. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The treatment for specific wounds is demonstrated in accordance with accepted first aid / primary emergency care and medical practice. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    The intervention for specific wounds must include: Eye injuries, Bleeding from the ear, Penetrating chest wounds, Penetrating wounds, Open fractures/ dislocations, Burns.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    The primary emergency care treatment is applied to promote recovery and to prevent deterioration of the condition of the injured person. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    The complications related to the use of incorrect treatment in the control of bleeding and wounds are explained in terms of related condition. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    The use of personal protective equipment during primary emergency care treatment is demonstrated and explained, according to preventative health protocols. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    Treatment reports are completed in accordance with medico legal requirements. 


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
    Anyone assessing a learner against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor with the relevant ETQA. Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this unit standard must be accredited as a provider through the relevant ETQA by SAQA. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA according to the moderation guidelines and the agreed ETQA procedures. 

    UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
    Essential embedded knowledge will be assessed through assessment of the specific outcomes in terms of the stipulated assessment criteria. Candidates are unlikely to achieve all the specific outcomes, to the standards described in the assessment criteria, without knowledge of the listed embedded knowledge. This means that for the most part, the possession or lack of the knowledge can be directly inferred from the quality of the candidate's performance. Where direct assessment of knowledge is required, assessment criteria have been included in the body of the unit standard. 

    UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
    N/A 


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING 
    Identify and solve problems and make decisions using critical and creative thinking. Note: The ability of the candidate to identify first aid treatment needs will improve his/her problem solving skills. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO WORKING 
    Work effectively with others as members of a team, group, organisation or community. Note: The ability and willingness of the candidate to interact and work correctly, indicates that he/she can work effectively as a team member in the bigger organisational structure. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING 
    Organise and manage themselves and their activities responsibly and effectively. Note: The identification of conditions that may influence the performance and well being of persons and the taking of appropriate action will indicate that the candidate can organise and manage activities in his/her working environment. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING 
    Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information. Note: The ability of the candidate to collect, organise and evaluate the necessary first aid treatment needs will indicate a level of proficiency. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
    Communicate effectively, using visual, mathematical and / or language skills in the modes of oral and / or written presentations. Note: The ability of the candidate to use visual and language skills to report on first aid treatment will indicate his/her effectiveness to communicate information in the mode of oral or written reports. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO SCIENCE 
    Use science and technology effectively and critically showing responsibility towards the environment and health of others. Note: The ability of the candidate to use science and technology effectively will contribute towards safeguarding the environment and health of others. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
    Demonstrate an understanding of the world as a set of related systems by recognising that problem-solving contexts do not exist in isolation. Note: The ability of the candidate to identify and refer anomalous conditions to an authorised person, confirms understand that a specific observation, inference, action or decision can have an interrelated effect. 

    UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
    Assessors should keep the following principles in mind when designing and conducting assessments against this unit standard:
  • Focus the assessment activities on gathering evidence in terms of the main outcome expressed in the title to ensure assessment is integrated rather than fragmented. Remember we want to declare the person competent in terms of the title. Where assessment at title level is unmanageable, then focus assessment around each specific outcome, or groups of specific outcomes.
  • Make sure evidence is gathered across the entire range, wherever it applies. Assessment activities should be as close to the real performance as possible, and where simulations or role-plays are used, there should be supporting evidence to show the candidate is able to perform in the real situation.
  • Do not focus the assessment activities on each assessment criterion. Rather make sure the assessment activities focus on outcomes and are sufficient to enable evidence to be gathered around all the assessment criteria.
  • The assessment criteria provide the specifications against which assessment judgements should be made. In most cases, knowledge can be inferred from the quality of the performances, but in other cases, knowledge and understanding will have to be tested through questioning techniques. Where this is required, there will be assessment criteria to specify the standard required.
  • The task of the assessor is to gather sufficient evidence, of the prescribed type and quality, as specified in this unit standard, that the candidate can achieve the outcomes again and again and again. This means assessors will have to judge how many repeat performances are required before they believe the performance is reproducible.
  • All assessments should be conducted in line with the following well documented principles of assessment: appropriateness, fairness, manageability, integration into work or learning, validity, direct, authentic, sufficient, systematic, open and consistent. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    This unit standard has been replaced by unit standard 254220, which is "Provide primary emergency care/first aid as an advanced first responder", Level 3, 8 credits.

    Specified Requirements

    Specified requirements include legal and site-specific requirements and are contained in one or more of the following documents:

    Legal Requirements
  • Relevant Acts: e.g. Mine Health & Safety Act, 1996 (Act no 29/1996), and Minerals Act and Regulations, 1991 (Act no 50/1991), Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993).
  • Mandatory Codes of Practice
  • Chief Inspector of Mines' Directives

    Site-specific
  • Hazard Identification and Risk Assessments (HIRA)
  • Occupational Health and Safety Risk Management Programme
  • Managerial Instructions
  • Mine Standard Procedures
  • List of Recorded OH&S Risks
  • Equipment and Materials Specifications 
    		•

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Elective  48804   National Certificate: Occupational Safety, Hygiene and Environment  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2008-11-26  Was HW SETA until Last Date for Achievement 
    Elective  49752   National Certificate: Environmental Practice  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  LG SETA 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. A.S.A.P Training And Consulting 
    2. A4 Consultancy Cc 
    3. Aba Sebenzi 
    4. ABM COLLEGE SA (PTY) LTD 
    5. Africam Solutions 
    6. Africawide Consulting 
    7. Akanani Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    8. Akha Unique telecoms (pty) ltd 
    9. Amangile Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    10. Amaqamu Project Management and Consulting 
    11. Amg Training And Hygiene Consultants 
    12. Amusa Consulting 
    13. Aphiwezothe 
    14. Asiphokuhle Training And Research Institute 
    15. Avax Sa 481 Cc. T/A Mandisa Development Services 
    16. Bantubanye Skills 
    17. Batla Gorona Trading Enterprise 
    18. Bazalwane Business Partners 
    19. Bendrew Trading 
    20. Bephaswana Skills Development (Pty) Ltd 
    21. Bettes - Types Trading And Projects 
    22. Bikologix Projects 
    23. Bo Support Services Cc 
    24. Boikgantsho Consulting & Events 
    25. Boiponahatso Enterprise 
    26. Bokamoso Urban Planners 
    27. Boni Africa Events & Development 
    28. Bothanda Trading 
    29. Business Intelligence And Governance 
    30. Bussynet Advanced Trading 
    31. Cape Peninsula University of Technology 
    32. Capricon Training Consultants cc 
    33. Ceekwenza (Pty) Ltd 
    34. Classic Human Capital Solutions 
    35. Clean Heat Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    36. Coceka Consulting 
    37. Colgene Group 
    38. Connex Marketing Cc 
    39. Cradle Stars Trading Enterprise 
    40. Ctc College 
    41. Cymbol Consulting(Pty) Ltd. 
    42. D and D Lwazi Renaissance Research and Development Institute 
    43. Dean Institute Of Learning (Pty) Ltd 
    44. Devolden Group 
    45. Ditirelo Skills Development Services 
    46. DM Management & Consulting 
    47. Dumakude 
    48. Dynamic Sheq Solutions 
    49. E Mali Outsourcing Cc 
    50. Ecoculture Training And Consultancy 
    51. Ekurhuleni West Public FET College - Germiston Campus 
    52. Elangeni Consulting 
    53. Elangeni Consulting (PTY) LTD 
    54. ELASON PRO-ACTIVE SECURITY (PTY) LTD 
    55. Elective Training Institute Enterprise Cc 
    56. Elgin Community College 
    57. Environmental Leadership Academy 
    58. ENVOY PLANET CONSULTING AND PROJECTS (PTY) LTD 
    59. Erf 340 Holdings 
    60. Eskilz College (Pty) Ltd 
    61. Essential Skills 
    62. Fabulous City Trading 
    63. Falcon Business Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    64. Faranang Marketing 
    65. Furniture World Training Centre 
    66. FUTURE DISCOVERY TRAINING ACADEMY 
    67. Gaegolelwe Consultancy (Pty) Ltd 
    68. Gauteng City College 
    69. Globalwise Training & Consulting (Pty) Ltd. 
    70. Goitseone Trading And Projects Pty Ltd 
    71. Goitsikitso Enterprise Trading 
    72. Growth Management Consulting 
    73. Heavenly Button Trading Cc 
    74. Higher Grade Solutions 
    75. Iale School Of Advanced Learning Education 
    76. Icando 
    77. Inafrica General Trading Pty Ltd 
    78. Independent Development Trust 
    79. Inkonyane Yamaswazi Projects 
    80. Inkqubeko Investment (Pty) Ltd 
    81. Inkwazi Learning Network 
    82. Insika Foundation 
    83. Institute For Local Government And Housing 
    84. Institute of Health and Social Care Studies 
    85. Integrated Waste And Recycling Services(Iwars) 
    86. Ito Focus Reagile 
    87. Itumeleng Wellness Solutions 
    88. Iviyo Landscaping (Pty) Ltd 
    89. Izazi Training Solutions 
    90. Iziko Capacity Building Cc. 
    91. Izwelethu Black Diamond 
    92. Jet Energy South Africa 
    93. Jobafrik Consulting 
    94. Jolly Boy Motor Spares 
    95. Josmap Training Institute 
    96. Jrt3 Jobcreation Rehabilitation Through Training And Technology (Pty) Ltd 
    97. K Boneng Consulting Services 
    98. Kagisho Business Concepts (Pty) Ltd 
    99. KALIDEEN MANAGEMENT SERVICES 
    100. Kappia Consulting Services 
    101. Katlehong Corporate Group 
    102. Kay Beez Development Projects 
    103. Kegatilwe Construction & Projects 
    104. KEITSHEPILE TRADING AND PROJECTS 
    105. Kenmab Training Centre 
    106. Kgotla Trading Enterprise 
    107. Khatheo Trading And Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    108. KHOSITHI TRAINING 
    109. Khubiso Enterprise (Pty) Ltd 
    110. Khula Nonke Training & Development 
    111. Khutakhu Trading 
    112. Kn Business Solutions 
    113. Kokano Pty Ltd 
    114. Kowolwazi Trading Enterprise 
    115. Ktmo Business Solutions 
    116. Kwazulu Skills Academy 
    117. Kwem Management Solutions 
    118. Kwindla Institute of Learning and Consulting 
    119. Lapa La Afrika Farming And Projects 
    120. Legacy Leap Skills Developmemt Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    121. Leronsa Trading Enterprise 
    122. Letlhokoa Management Services Cc 
    123. Letlotlo La Gae (Pty) Ltd 
    124. Letzaa Group 
    125. Lewerb Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    126. Lih Consulting And Projects 
    127. Lindela Training And Business Development Services 
    128. Lip Holding (Pty) Ltd 
    129. Lo Tantsi Fire Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    130. Londimvelo Consultants 
    131. Lorpen Investments 
    132. Lumiere Holdings 
    133. M Tech Training Consultants 
    134. M.I.C. Training And Development 
    135. Machabelele Associates 
    136. Magase And Shakong Projects 
    137. Magongo Investments 
    138. Magumzane Traiding Cc 
    139. Makaota Training Consultants 
    140. Makoti Skills Development Solutions 
    141. Malizana Projects CC 
    142. Mamuhle Academy 
    143. Mangalani Business Enterprises 
    144. Marcado Human Resources Strategies 
    145. Marematlou Training Institute 
    146. Mashmp Holdings 
    147. Mashphe Logistics Services 
    148. Masizakhe Leanerships cc 
    149. MASM Trading Enterprise (Pty) Ltd 
    150. MASS COMUTER TRAINING AND PRINTERS 
    151. Matsila Holdings 
    152. Mavuni Empowering Consultants 
    153. MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE 
    154. Mementos Training Pty Ltd 
    155. MGM Training & Consulting 
    156. Mgwezane Training And Events Management Cc. 
    157. Miczo'S Enterprise 
    158. Mimoisa Business Solutions Cc 
    159. Mimosa Business Consultants 
    160. Mimshack Royal Heritage 
    161. Mind Magic Consulting 
    162. Mintirho Development Services 
    163. Mission Point Consulting 
    164. Mmg Capital 
    165. Mml Consulting Cc. 
    166. Mobaarak Management Services 
    167. Mod-Mosh Projects And Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    168. Mohlaje Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    169. Morena Empire Investment 
    170. Mortarboard Training Solutions 
    171. Mphela Education Training And Development 
    172. Mthonyama Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    173. MUDITAMBI HOLDINGS 
    174. Muhangwene Development Enterprise 
    175. MUTENDA SECURITY SERVICES CC 
    176. Myeza Trading Enterprise 
    177. Nalengmokoni Investors (Pty) Ltd 
    178. Ndotha General Trading 
    179. Nedtex73 
    180. Nemalale Eagles Consultancy Cc 
    181. Netgrow Training Solutions 
    182. Networx for Career Development 
    183. New Hope Revival Organisation 
    184. Nj & L Trading Enterprise Cc. 
    185. Nkinane Trading Enterprise 
    186. Nokusho M Consulting And Trading 
    187. NOMAKU TRADERS CC 
    188. Nonunu Projects 
    189. Ns Global Academy 
    190. Ntsangalala Business Enterprise 
    191. Nyankwavi Investment Cc. 
    192. Petra Institute of Development 
    193. Pfim Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    194. Pioneer Business Consulting 
    195. Pkm Skills And Career Development 
    196. Pma Holdings (Pty ) Ltd. 
    197. Power Rush Trading 170 Cc. 
    198. Powernexus 
    199. Progressive School Of Business And Engineering (Pty) 
    200. Puseletso Trading And Projects 
    201. Quiver Skills Institute 
    202. RAMAZWI SECURITY SERVICES CC 
    203. Rasinkhu Investments 
    204. Ratomac Trading Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    205. Reflections Development Institute 
    206. Reminiscent Business Consulting Pty (Ltd) 
    207. RESISA LOGISTICS 
    208. Rmcii Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    209. Roughage Trading 
    210. Sebobatho Project Management 
    211. Seige Trading Solutions 
    212. Senelo Trading Cc 
    213. SETHIKE TRADING 
    214. Shudu Trading 
    215. Silalele Skills Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    216. Siljeur Training Academy 
    217. Simba Skills Consultants 
    218. Simmek Holdings 
    219. Siza Nesu Training And Consultants 
    220. Sizampiloenhle Trading And Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    221. Smartkip 
    222. Smartmatta (Pty) Ltd 
    223. Sobengmo Mining Services 
    224. SOUTH AFRICA ADVANCED SKILLS INSTITUTE 
    225. South African Institute of Learning (SAIL) 
    226. South African Abet Development Agency Saada 
    227. South African Advanced Skills Institute 
    228. South African Business and Technology Institute 
    229. South African Corporate Training Association 
    230. South African Governance And Business College 
    231. South West Gauteng TVET College 
    232. SOUTHERN AFRICAN YOUTH MOVEMENT 
    233. Spears Business and Life Coach Consulting 
    234. Spectrium 
    235. Spring Forest Trading 578 Cc 
    236. Sseh Pty Ltd 
    237. Starplex 489 cc 
    238. Tachfin Holdings 
    239. Talent Emporium Academy (PTY) Ltd 
    240. Tanosa Trading CC 
    241. Tashie Holdings 
    242. Teemil Safety Health And Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd 
    243. Tembe Service Providers 
    244. Thabelanang Trading Enterprise 
    245. Thando Consulting Services 
    246. The Crimson Co Cc. 
    247. The Green Affairs Consulting 
    248. Thothi Consulting 
    249. Thubelihle Graduate Institute 
    250. Thusanang Skills & Training 
    251. Thuso Enviro and Agric Development 
    252. Thuto Ya Setshaba Training Services (Pty) Ltd 
    253. Timothy Fasheun Group Enviromentors (Pty) Ltd 
    254. Tld Consulting 
    255. Tlotlangthuto Training & Consulting 
    256. Tloumogale Business Development & Consulting 
    257. Trainers without Borders 
    258. Training At Work (Pty) Ltd 
    259. Tshedza Training Technologies (Pty) Ltd 
    260. Tshwane College of Commerce and Computer Studies 
    261. Tshwane Skills Training Centre 
    262. TSK Projects(PTY)LTD 
    263. Tsoga Re Dire Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    264. Tuns Trading And Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    265. Twin Peak Technologies 
    266. Ubuqhawe Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    267. Ukhamba Quality Skills 
    268. Umbuso Training Services 
    269. Umfolozi FET College 
    270. Umnotho We Afrika Foundation 
    271. Unctionized Business Enterprise 
    272. University Of Business Excellence(Pty)Ltd 
    273. University Of Intellectual Excellence (Pty)Ltd 
    274. University of Venda 
    275. Ursivox Interactive Systems 
    276. Venus Maintenance And Supply Services 
    277. Vicmat Consultants 
    278. VISIONARY SKILLS ACADEMY 
    279. VSL General Trading 
    280. VUCA INSTITUTE OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT 
    281. Wbs Group 
    282. Wildlife and Enviroment Society of South Africa 
    283. WMD Civils Pty Ltd 
    284. World Pace Development And Training Institute 
    285. Xl At Consulting Cc 
    286. Ya Hina Management Consulting And Projects 
    287. Yellow Media Publishers 
    288. Zealot Business College 
    289. Zmg Consulting 


    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.