![]() |
All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source. |
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY |
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: |
Provide risk-based primary emergency care/first aid in the workplace |
SAQA US ID | UNIT STANDARD TITLE | |||
120496 | Provide risk-based primary emergency care/first aid in the workplace | |||
ORIGINATOR | ||||
SGB Occupational Health and Safety | ||||
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY | ||||
- | ||||
FIELD | SUBFIELD | |||
Field 09 - Health Sciences and Social Services | Preventive Health | |||
ABET BAND | UNIT STANDARD TYPE | PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL | NQF LEVEL | CREDITS |
Undefined | Regular-Fundamental | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | 5 |
REGISTRATION STATUS | REGISTRATION START DATE | REGISTRATION END DATE | SAQA DECISION NUMBER | |
Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2018-07-01 | 2023-06-30 | SAQA 06120/18 | |
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT | LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT | |||
2026-06-30 | 2029-06-30 |
In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise. |
This unit standard replaces: |
US ID | Unit Standard Title | Pre-2009 NQF Level | NQF Level | Credits | Replacement Status |
116507 | Explain the functional aspects of the human anatomy in the use of primary emergency care terminology | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | 1 | |
12483 | Perform basic first aid | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | 4 | |
9965 | Render basic first aid | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | 3 | |
113929 | Render basic first aid in an office workplace | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | 4 |
PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD |
This Unit Standard will be useful for employees to enable them to provide primary emergency care (first aid) in response to an occupational risk induced or any health emergency in their specific workplaces.
Qualifying learners are able to: |
LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING |
In order for the learner to achieve this unit standard the learner must already be competent in: |
UNIT STANDARD RANGE |
This unit standard covers the recognition and management of the following range of emergencies for adults, children and infants according to current and accepted emergency care protocols and principles:
|
Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 |
Demonstrate the principles of primary emergency care in the workplace. |
OUTCOME RANGE |
All health emergencies for people of all the ages. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
The aims of primary emergency care are identified in the evidence. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Personal protective devices and infectious disease prevention procedures (universal precautions), used during treatment of casualties, are identified and their purpose and application correctly described and demonstrated. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
The medico-legal implications of primary emergency care are explained in terms of existing relevant legislation. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 |
Sustain a basic level of preparedness for health emergencies in the workplace. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
The content of the relevant primary emergency care/first aid kit is demonstrated in accordance with the current relevant legislation and associated regulations. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
The maintenance and storage of the relevant risk based primary emergency care kit is described and demonstrated where relevant in accordance with accepted workplace procedures. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 |
Assess and manage an emergency scene in the workplace. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
The principles of emergency scene management are explained and demonstrated in accordance with current accepted emergency care practices. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Time limitations, golden hour concept, emergency rules. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
The primary emergency care process is explained and demonstrated in accordance with current accepted practice. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Assistance is called for according to workplace procedures. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
The emergency scene is assessed for safety risks and the specific workplace hazards managed according to accepted safety procedures. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 |
The initial scene assessment identifies emergency requirements and the scene is made safe according to accepted safety procedures. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 |
Triage and primary assessment is explained and demonstrated. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Priority order must include: airways; breathing; circulation; internal and external injuries and/or medical conditions. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 7 |
Available resources are utilised to the benefit of the sick or injured person(s). |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
First responders assigned tasks according to priority and sound primary emergency principles and suitable materials used. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 8 |
Emergency services are activated according to workplace and area procedures. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 9 |
Secondary assessment is conducted according and managed according to current protocol. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 10 |
Continual care is explained and demonstrated according to current protocol. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 4 |
Demonstrate primary emergency life support for adults, children and infants according to current international protocols. |
OUTCOME NOTES |
Appropriately sized manikins must be used for the purpose of this assessment. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
The choking person(s) are managed according to accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Foreign bodies, strangulation, suffocation, asphyxia. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Rescue breathing is explained and demonstrated according to accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Recovery position is appropriately utilized. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
One rescuer Cardio-Pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is explained and demonstrated with and without the use of barrier ventilation devices, according to accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 |
Bleeding is controlled according to current protocols using direct pressure/bandages or suitable materials. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 5 |
Explain and manage shock. |
OUTCOME RANGE |
General shock, Anaphylaxis. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
Shock is identified, explained and managed according to accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Anaphylactic shock is identified, explained and managed symptomatically according to accepted protocols. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 6 |
Conduct secondary assessment of the sick and/or injured person and provide appropriate primary emergency care within the workplace. |
OUTCOME RANGE |
The learner must be able to identify and manage injuries and/or illnesses specific to his/her particular workplace. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
Immobilisation and transporting techniques for persons with neck and/or spinal injuries are demonstrated according to accepted emergency and workplace protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
Head injuries and levels of consciousness are recognised, monitored and managed according to accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 |
Fractures, dislocations and sprains immobilized in the position of most comfort to the affected person. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 |
Wounds are managed according to current accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Amputations, abrasions, lacerations, punctures, embedded objects, gunshot wounds, hand and eye wounds, human/animal/marine/insect/reptile bites and stings. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 |
Burn wounds are managed according to current accepted practices. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Classification, causes, infection control. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 |
Thermal stress. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Febrile patient; hyper/hypothermia. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 7 |
Poisoned patients managed according to current accepted protocols. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Common and workplace accidental poisoning; overdose; animal/marine/insect/reptile bites and stings. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 8 |
Illnesses common to the workplace are recognised and described according to current accepted practices. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE |
Diabetes, epilepsy, asthma, stroke, heart attack. |
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 7 |
Keep records of the incident/accident. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 |
The scenario and condition of the sick or injured person is communicated to the relevant receiving party during transferral and in accordance with current accepted workplace and emergency care procedures. |
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 |
The incident/accident is reported in accordance with current and accepted workplace procedures and policies. |
UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS |
Anyone assessing a candidate against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor with the relevant ETQA or ETQA where a Memorandum of Understanding exists with the relevant ETQA.
Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this unit standard must be accredited as a provider through the relevant ETQA or ETQA where a Memorandum of Understanding exists with the relevant ETQA. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA according to the moderation guidelines and the agreed ETQA procedures. |
UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE |
UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME |
N/A |
UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES |
N/A |
Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING |
Identify and solve problems regarding the mechanisms of injuries and make decisions, using critical and creative thinking, regarding the prevention of complications, referral systems to use and the treatment to be provided with improvisation where equipment is unavailable. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO WORKING |
Work effectively with others as members of a first response team, fires, fire services, ambulance and civil defence/disaster services. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING |
Organise and manage activities responsibly in respect of scene control, establishing the order of treatment (triage) and managing the first response team effectively. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING |
Assess, analyse and critically evaluate information with regards signs and symptoms and explain meanings and results. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING |
Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical, and/or language skills in the modes of oral and/or written presentations when managing the sick or injured person, the team and when reporting effectively to emergency health personnel indicates proficiency. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO SCIENCE |
Use science and technology effectively and critically with regard to information and communication systems used to mobilise the emergency services and correctly utilising available emergency equipment responsibility towards the environment and health of others. |
UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING |
Demonstrate an understanding of the world as a set of related systems as applied to the management of emergency situations. |
UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA |
N/A |
REREGISTRATION HISTORY |
As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. |
UNIT STANDARD NOTES |
This unit standard replaces unit standards:
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): This Unit Standard can be achieved in part, through recognition of prior learning. Evidence can be presented in a variety of forms, including previous current (within 2 year period) international or local primary emergency care/first aid qualifications, reports, testimonials, mentoring, functions performed, portfolios, work records and performance records. As such, evidence should be judged according to the general principles of assessment. Learners who have met the requirements of this Unit Standard may apply for recognition of prior learning to the relevant Education and Training Quality Assurance (ETQA) body. The applicant must be assessed against the specific outcomes and with the assessment criteria of this Unit Standard. Special note: Credit justification: Total hours required by the learner to achieve the required outcomes: > Activity: > Classroom learning: 16 Hours > Coaching, on-the-job/scenarios/roll plays: 28 Hours > Self directed learning: 6 Hours > Total: 50 Hours Credits achieved: 5 |
QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: |
ID | QUALIFICATION TITLE | PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL | NQF LEVEL | STATUS | END DATE | PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY | |
Core | 65789 | National Certificate: Construction Plant Operations | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | CETA |
Core | 71491 | National Certificate: Equine Studies | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | CATHSSETA |
Core | 58433 | National Certificate: Fishing Operations | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2015-06-30 | TETA |
Core | 96402 | National Certificate: Hot Water System Installation | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual |
Core | 74269 | National Certificate: Occupational Health, Safety and Environment | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-07-30 | As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual |
Core | 65709 | National Certificate: Construction: Steelwork | Level 3 | NQF Level 03 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | CETA |
Core | 72049 | National Certificate: Pharmacist Assistance | Level 3 | NQF Level 03 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual |
Elective | 71751 | General Education and Training Certificate: Adult Basic Education and Training | Level 1 | NQF Level 01 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual |
Elective | 73249 | General Education and Training Certificate: Adult Basic Education and Training: Academic Curriculum | Level 1 | NQF Level 01 | Reregistered | 2028-06-30 | UMALUSI |
Elective | 66269 | General Education and Training Certificate: Lumber Milling | Level 1 | NQF Level 01 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | FPMSETA |
Elective | 78944 | National Certificate: Autotronics | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | MERSETA |
Elective | 79408 | National Certificate: Polymer Compound Manufacturing | Level 2 | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | MERSETA |
Elective | 58577 | National Certificate: General Security Practices | Level 3 | NQF Level 03 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | SAS SETA |
Elective | 78323 | National Certificate: Lamproom Operations | Level 3 | NQF Level 03 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | MQA |
Elective | 79806 | National Certificate: Occupational Hygiene and Safety | Level 3 | NQF Level 03 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual |
Elective | 90656 | National Certificate: Mine Ventilation | Not Applicable | NQF Level 02 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | MQA |
Elective | 90655 | National Certificate: Small Scale Mining | Not Applicable | NQF Level 03 | Passed the End Date - Status was "Reregistered" |
2023-06-30 | MQA |
PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: |
This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here. |
1. | 911 Consulting and Services |
2. | A.I.R Training, Consulting & Services |
3. | AAH Skills and Development |
4. | Africa International Training Facilities T/A AITF (BREDELL) (TP) |
5. | AM Compliance Services (Pty) Ltd |
6. | AMAMDAWU TRAINING AND PROJECTS (PTY) LTD |
7. | Amandlolwazi Training Centre Pty Ltd |
8. | Anglo American Platinum Limited - Mogalakwena Mining Training Centre |
9. | ASSMANG (PTY) LTD |
10. | ASSMANG BEESHOEK MINE |
11. | AVENG (AFRICA) (PTY) LTD |
12. | Aveng Grinaker -LTA Civil Engineering |
13. | BAFOKENG RASIMONE MANAGEMENT SERVICES PTY LTD |
14. | BANA BA THARI MINING TRANING AND DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY |
15. | Bee-Safe Programme Development and Training (Pty) Ltd |
16. | Better Best Agri Development |
17. | Blanket Security and SHEQ Solutions |
18. | BMD TEXTILES PTY LTD |
19. | Bright Storm Projects |
20. | CBM Training (Pty) Ltd |
21. | ChamCham Corporation (PTY) Ltd |
22. | CHAMDOR DRIVER TRAINING CC |
23. | CLEAN HEAT ENERGY SAVING SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD |
24. | COALITION TRADING 1238 CC |
25. | Continuous Development Training |
26. | COREPRO CONSULTANTS |
27. | Devolden Group |
28. | Diversity technology Training Institute |
29. | DMG Global Training Solutions (Pty) Ltd |
30. | Dreyer and Dreyer Risk Solutions |
31. | Edutech Training (Pty) Ltd |
32. | Elite Operator and Skills Training |
33. | Elite Squad Holdings |
34. | Elizma Goltz |
35. | ENB TRAINING SERVICEPTYLTD |
36. | ESS Holdings (PTY) Ltd |
37. | EXXARO COAL (PTY) LTD |
38. | FOSKOR (PTY) LTD |
39. | FUTURE DISCOVERY TRAINING ACADEMY |
40. | GEOSTRAT TRAINING |
41. | GLENCORE OPERATIONS SOUTH AFRICA PTY LTD |
42. | GNBR SOLUTIONS PTY LTD |
43. | H and H Risk Solutions |
44. | HARMONY GOLD MINING CO LTD |
45. | Hazchemwize (PTY) Ltd |
46. | He and She Driver Training Centre |
47. | Hlanganisa Safety Solutions (Pty) Ltd |
48. | HOTAZEL MANGANESE MINES (PTY) LTD |
49. | HULEMO |
50. | Industrial Fire and Emergency Services cc |
51. | Jacks Dive Chest |
52. | Jerico Training and Fire Industries |
53. | JUAB GENERAL DEALER |
54. | KBC Health and Safety |
55. | KHUMANI IRON ORE MINE |
56. | KUDUMANE MANGANESE RESOURCES (PTY) LTD |
57. | Kulika Training and Consultancy Pty Ltd |
58. | KUMBA IRON ORE (SISHEN) |
59. | Kumba Iron Ore Thabazimbi |
60. | Kumba Sishen HRD Centre |
61. | Kwetsima (Pty) Ltd. |
62. | KWITSIMA GROUP(PTY)LTD |
63. | Lessons Online (Pty) Ltd |
64. | LICENCE WISE TRAINING SPECIALISTS |
65. | LL Technical Services (PTY) LTD |
66. | LYNAZY RESOURCES |
67. | M AND C ACADEMY AND CONSULTANCY PTY LTD |
68. | Majoncar Projects and Training Academy (Pty) Ltd |
69. | MALITINNE PTY LTD |
70. | MATHABA MINING GROUP |
71. | Mavco Engineering |
72. | Mediro Training Academy |
73. | MEDIRO TRAINING ACADEMY (PTY) LTD |
74. | METSKILL PTY LTD |
75. | MINES RESCUE SERVICES PTY LTD |
76. | MK TRAINING PTY LTD |
77. | MOLOKO SMALL ENTERPRISE |
78. | MTL Training and Projects |
79. | MURRAY & ROBERTS CEMENTATION (PTY)LTD |
80. | NORTHAM PLATINUM LTD |
81. | OHS Legislative Training CC |
82. | Order of St John |
83. | Othandweni Training Centre |
84. | P & F Business Enterprise |
85. | Phephani Learnerships cc |
86. | Phiwokuhle Projects and Training Academy Pty Ltd |
87. | PMC TRAINING CONSULTANTS AND ASSOCIATES (PTY) LTD |
88. | POWERGATE TRAINING PTY LTD |
89. | Powerman Technology Training (PTY) LTD |
90. | Powerpro Technologies and Training Facility (PTY) LTD |
91. | Premier Conferencing cc |
92. | PRISMA TRAINING SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD |
93. | PRO Skills Development (Pty) Ltd |
94. | PROEARTH Pty Ltd |
95. | Progressive Computer Center |
96. | Protrain Solutions |
97. | R and T Training (Pty) Ltd |
98. | R Tech Training (Pty) Ltd |
99. | REALITY LEARNING SA |
100. | Relay EMS (PTY) LTD |
101. | Renntek Pty Ltd |
102. | RPM Precious Metals Refiners |
103. | Sanda Skills Development (Pty) Ltd |
104. | SANDVIK MINING & CONSTRUCTION (Jet Park)(WA) |
105. | SARCHA TRAINING SOLUTIONS(PTY)LTD |
106. | Scaffold Training Group |
107. | Schoolboy Training Centre |
108. | SENZEKO EXECUTIVE RISK CC |
109. | SETLOBOKGO HOLDINGS (PTY) LTD |
110. | She-Q Consulting |
111. | Sherq Technical Solutions (Pty) Ltd. |
112. | SIT Investment Holdings (pty) Ltd |
113. | SMC MINING AND DRILLING TRAINING ACADEMY (PTY) LTD |
114. | South African Fire and Medical Academy (SAFMA) |
115. | SPECTRA MINING SERVICES (PTY) LTD |
116. | SSG TRAINING ACADEMY PTY LTD |
117. | Stefanutti Stocks Holding Limited |
118. | Striving Mind Academy and Consultancy Pty Ltd |
119. | SVA Training |
120. | TAMASA TRAINING PTY LTD |
121. | TEACHERBUBBLES |
122. | TEC HRD CONSULTANTS |
123. | Test Organisation |
124. | THARISA MINERALS (PTY) LTD |
125. | The Assessment Zone (Pty) Ltd |
126. | The National Occupational Safety and Health Consultancy NOSHC |
127. | The Skills Authority |
128. | The Skills Matrix cc |
129. | THE TRAINING ACADEMY |
130. | THUNGELA OPERATIONS (PTY) LTD |
131. | TIRHANI SKILLSTRAINING PTY LTD |
132. | Tjeka Training Matters Pty Ltd |
133. | Tommy Phiri Labour Relations and Training Services |
134. | TOTAL COVERAGE CONSULTING |
135. | TRAIN THE NATION AND ASSOCIATES (PTY) LTD |
136. | Training Force (Pty) Ltd |
137. | Trainsure -Tsebo Traiding cc |
138. | Transvaal Training |
139. | TROLLOPE PLANT HIRE |
140. | True-Blue Training (Pty) Ltd |
141. | TSHUANA DI SA HWEGO HRD SOLUTIONS |
142. | Tshwane First Aid & Safety Training (Pty) Ltd |
143. | Ubuntu Asssessors Solutions |
144. | ULYNN MINING TRAINING AND PROJECTS (PTY) LTD |
145. | Umbono Training |
146. | UMBUSO TRAINING SERVICES |
147. | UMGANO FOUNDATION NPC |
148. | UTHUNGULU HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT |
149. | VENETIA MINE |
150. | Vhonisani Training Academy & Projects |
151. | VPK BUSINESS VENTURE C C |
152. | WAL TRAINING |
153. | WASINDISA GROUP PTY LTD |
154. | XTRACT TRAINING SERVICES (SA)(PTY)LTD |
155. | YouLearnIT Academy |
All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source. |